Human resources play a key role in sustainable development of every country. Compared to advanced countries where optimal combination of natural resources and human resources has been employed at the service of their developmental goals, developing countries lose, more or less, their human capital through brain drain. This study is about to provide a sociological explanation for skilled labour flow at the international level. Different theoretical approaches such as Neoclassical economic theories, dual labour market, new economics of migration, world system theory, institutional and network theories have been used. Survey method and secondary analysis at micro and macro levels are adopted. Discriminant analysis and structural equation modeling are employed for data analysis. Findings at macro level show that quality of life, freedom, cultural development and income are powerful predictors for emigration. At macro level, democracy, level of inequality and economic determinants are found as pulling factors for brain drain.

This study is intended to provide theoretical and empirical analyses of happiness both at micro level and macro level. At micro level, a social survey was conducted in cities of Tehran, Yazd And Ardakan with sample size of 386. Oxford standard happiness inventory was employed as' the measurement scale of happiness at this level. At macro level a quantitative comparative analysis was conducted based on world value survey (4th wave) for 69 countries. Findings show that average score of happiness for all three cities is low. Besides that among sixty nine countries, the rank order of happiness for Iran is 61. Multiple variable analyses indicate that among different factors such as trust, friendship, family relationship, lack of social isolation at micro level and social capital ta macro level have direct impact on happiness.

Background: Hyperreactio Luteinalis (HL) is a rare condition during spontaneous pregnancy characterized by bilaterally, or in rare cases, unilaterally enlarged ovaries containing multiple self-limited theca lutein cysts, usually associated with high maternal serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and hyperandrogenic state. Most of the patients require surgical intervention during their pregnancy because of ovarian torsion, preeclampsia, syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels (HELLP), or to rule out ovarian malignancy. However, we can avoid unnecessary surgical intervention with accurate diagnosis of HL by means of laboratory tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Case Report: A 27-year-old pregnant woman with gestational age of 27 weeks was admitted with labor pain and complicated with HELLP syndrome. In ultrasonography, bilateral and multiple ovarian cysts were seen.Conclusion: Reviewing this case suggests a relationship between HL and HELLP syndrome and may help to explain the underlying causes of preeclampsia; HL may be a predictor of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome in pregnancy.

Every year, many cases of clinical diseases caused by the lack of mineral elements in sheep are reported in Golestan province,while researches related to soil and plant elements and their interaction effects on livestock in the region are limited. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of soil and fodder macro elements on the serum levels of macro elements of sheep grazing in pastures of Golestan province. For this purpose, 50 soil samples, pasture fodder and sheep blood serum samples from 5 regions were collected and tested. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the amounts of organic carbon, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium of soil samples in case study pastures (p < 0. 05), so that the highest amount of these elements was found in the pasture of Qoranaq. While the amounts of calcium, sulfur, sodium and chlorine in soil samples were not significantly different among different pastures. A significant difference was observed in the amounts of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium of plant samples in different pastures (p < 0. 05), but there was no significant difference in the amounts of calcium, sulfur, sodium and chlorine in these pastures. A significant difference was found in the concentration of phosphorus and magnesium in the blood serum of grazing sheep in different pastures (p < 0. 05), so that the concentration of phosphorus in the blood serum of grazing sheep in Qoranaq region was higher than that of sheep in other pastures, and also the concentration of magnesium in the blood serum of grazing sheep in Haji Goshan region was lower. It was from sheep of other pastures (p < 0. 05). While there was no significant difference in the concentration of calcium, potassium, sulfur, sodium and chlorine in the blood of grazing sheep in different pastures. In general, the results showed that the amount of mineral elements of soil and pasture plants can influence the status of serum mineral elements of grazing sheep in Golestan pastures.

Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the indicators of barriers and challenges of virtual education at macro, meso, and micro levels. Methods and Materials: The method employed in this research is a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative section, documents from the Ministry of Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including the "Fundamental Theoretical Foundations for Formal and Public Education Transformation," the "Fundamental Transformation Document of Education," and the "National Curriculum Document," were analyzed. In the quantitative section, two non-random sampling methods were used: non-probability sampling and snowball sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method commonly used in sociology and statistical research. The research population consisted of 150 students from Farhangian University and 10 faculty members from the same institution. Interviews were conducted based on a competency model, and the appropriate tool was developed and implemented after determining its validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.92). Findings: Based on the findings, 150 digital teacher competencies were categorized into 9 sections, which were further divided into three main areas: curriculum design, barriers to virtual education, and the quality of virtual teaching. The challenges identified in the study were categorized at macro, meso, and micro levels, and the results are applicable for identifying the indicators of barriers and challenges in virtual education. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that, at the macro level, poor policy-making is the primary issue, at the meso level, budget disruptions are prominent, and at the micro level, students, more than parents, teachers, and professors, believe that the barriers and challenges of virtual education are greater than those of in-person education.

Background: Priority setting in healthcare is a key determinant of health system performance. However, there is no widely accepted priority setting evaluation framework. We reviewed literature with the aim of developing and proposing a framework for the evaluation of macro and meso level healthcare priority setting practices.Methods: We systematically searched Econlit, PubMed, CINAHL, and EBSCOhost databases and supplemented this with searches in Google Scholar, relevant websites and reference lists of relevant papers. A total of 31 papers on evaluation of priority setting were identified. These were supplemented by broader theoretical literature related to evaluation of priority setting. A conceptual review of selected papers was undertaken.Results: Based on a synthesis of the selected literature, we propose an evaluative framework that requires that priority setting practices at the macro and meso levels of the health system meet the following conditions: (1) Priority setting decisions should incorporate both efficiency and equity considerations as well as the following outcomes; (a) Stakeholder satisfaction, (b) Stakeholder understanding, (c) Shifted priorities (reallocation of resources), and (d) Implementation of decisions. (2) Priority setting processes should also meet the procedural conditions of (a) Stakeholder engagement, (b) Stakeholder empowerment, (c) Transparency, (d) Use of evidence, (e) Revisions, (f) Enforcement, and (g) Being grounded on community values.Conclusion: Available frameworks for the evaluation of priority setting are mostly grounded on procedural requirements, while few have included outcome requirements. There is, however, increasing recognition of the need to incorporate both consequential and procedural considerations in priority setting practices. In this review, we adapt an integrative approach to develop and propose a framework for the evaluation of priority setting practices at the macro and meso levels that draws from these complementary schools of thought.

In analyzing the relationship between tradition and modernity, while focusing on traditional and modern values, certain researchers believe that in the process of modernization some of the traditional values would break down and collapse. This happens because, it is said that, these two kinds of values cannot stay together in the process of modernization. Our society has taken the path of modernization and development with a rapid pace since several decades ago, this is why at this juncture, a discussion of the fate of the values seems necessary. We launch our basic question as “What will happen to the family and religion in the process of modernity?” This is dealt with at a micro level, and for the analysis of different values in the contemporary Iranian situation, we use the integrative perspectives (modernization and postmodern perspectives), and also utilize data produced by the World Values Survey about different societies, which is being treated at a macro level. Among all values, we have focused on family and religious ones and have compared these values with those of other countries. We have reached several results such as: 1) the elderly, lowly educated, and the poor care more for these values than do the young, the intellectuals, and the rich. 2) Among different issues, the level of education is more directly related to religiosity of people. 3) Among the challenges of tradition and modernity in Iran, religiosity is more important than the family. 4) At the macro level, there is negative relationship between values and human development in different countries.

There have been much speculation and debate concerning the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on body systems. Various reports have implicated excessive exposure to EMF to certain forms of leukemia. It has also been reported that EMF may cause alteration in the levels of certain macro- and micro-nutrients such as copper, zinc, selenium, calcium and iron. We have undertaken this study to determine the status of these elements in workers exposed to EMF for more than 10 years and compare these levels with those of patients with leukemia and both groups to a set of matched controls. Statistical analysis revealed meaningful differences in the serum levels of the nutrients under study both in terms of comparison of workers and patients to controls and in comparison of workers to patients. Mean Zn levels in both patient (P< 0.0002) and worker (P< 0.006) groups were significantly higher than that of controls. However, statistical analysis of patients to workers revealed no meaningful variation. Selenium in both study groups also showed decreased levels when compared to controls. These results were statistically significant in comparison of patients to controls (P< 0.0001) and workers to controls (P<0.0001). Evaluation of patients to workers also resulted in a significant finding (P<0.05). While we do not claim these results to be definitive, they do reflect the possibility that regular evaluation of the status of these elements in workers consistently exposed to EMF may be beneficial in terms of determining the heightened risk of these workers to development of leukemia